A Look at Winter Rye and Triticale
Cover crops to baleage
By Kirsten Workman, Agronomy Outreach Professional
Added July 23, 2014. ‘Double Cropping’ or the practice of harvesting two crops from the same field in one year is not a new concept by any means. However, as more and more farmers in the northeast are starting to look at cover crops as part of their crop rotation, it becomes a very viable option to evaluate harvesting them for forage. The most popular cover crop planted here in the northeast after corn silage is Winter Rye. Recently, however, we have started to see more and more farmers plant Winter Triticale (a cross between winter rye and winter wheat) for its purported value as a forage crop. Last spring, several producers harvested winter rye and triticale for forage. We were able to collect forage samples in an attempt to compare them to each other and get a better sense of the overall value of these crops as forage.
We collected samples from three farms on five fields. The farms we collected samples from were located in Williston, North Ferrisburgh, and Wells, Vermont. The farms were harvesting these cover crops as silage, baleage or grazing them. We calculated yields and sent the samples for analysis. Below is a table with our results, averaged by crop. The fields were all no-till drilled in late September at between 100 and 150 lbs/acre (after corn silage or into pasture) and harvested in mid-May. All of the crops were fertilized in the spring (with fertilizer or solid dairy manure). The majority of samples were taken at harvest during the split-boot stage (Feekes stage 10). The yield measurements represent one harvest, and do not account for multiple harvests. The pasture was grazed a second time in early June and that harvest would increase overall yields.
Overall, in our samples, triticale performed better than rye from a forage quality standpoint. Rye, however, outperforms in yields, sometimes by double. One of our triticale samples tested out at 22% protein when harvested at the split boot stage, but our samples averaged out at 17% CP. The rye was not far behind at 16% CP. We also found that planting at higher rates increased yields and quality.
Considerations
In Alburgh, Vermont, UVM Extension Agronomist, Dr. Heather Darby found similar results with her winter rye planting trials. She found similar dry matter yields over the 2011 and 2012 seasons. They did see lower crude protein levels at closer to 12% (our rye samples averaged 16% crude protein).
Aaron Gabriel, of Cornell Cooperative Extension’s Capital Area Agriculture and Horticulture Program also collected samples on four fields this May that were each planted to rye and triticale. Although they did not collect yield data, the protein levels were also lower than ours. Rye averaged 12.7% CP while triticale averaged 14.6% CP. Their relative feed values were very close to what we found…both crops averaging well over 100.
Like all crops, yield and quality all depend on management. Planting and harvesting in a timely manner, a good fertility program, and appropriate soils will have the most impact on growing a high quality, high yielding crop. In these situations, either crop would fit the bill. If you are hoping to get a crop off early in order to get your long season corn or soybeans established, winter rye might be a better fit.
Although dry matter yields are the best way to compare results, it is important to note that from a feed management standpoint, rye yielded up to 4 tons per acre of baleage (assuming 55% moisture) and closer to 5 tons/acre of chopped silage (assuming 65% moisture). Triticale yielded between around 2 tons/acre at 55% moisture and almost 3 tons/acre at 65% moisture.
For a cost of $35 per acre to seed these cover crops, a farmer can see a return of between $80 and $200 in feed value (depending on your yields).
Conclusions
Overall, triticale matures later than rye and is shorter with less biomass. It did test out as higher quality feed in our sampling, but was inconclusive statistically. Rye does yield higher. In one pasture where rye was planted right next to triticale in the same pasture, the rye produced 1.49 DM tons per acre while the triticale yielded 0.91 DM tons per acre. In our observations, triticale seed is often more expensive and harder to get a hold of. Although, that may change as more producers purchase it over time. We found that seeding at higher rates closer to 150 pounds/acre gives higher yields and better quality (higher protein, lower NDF) than fields seeded at a lower rate of 100 pounds per acre.
An additional one or two dry matter tons per acre of quality feed is not a bad return on the investment of seed. Add to that the erosion prevention you accomplish over the winter and early spring, the nutrient recycling that occurs, and the soil health benefits of increased organic matter, better soil structure, and it seems like it makes sense in most cases. If you are unable to harvest these crops as forage and must plow them down, they can contribute significant amounts of nutrients and organic matter back to your soil profile, enabling you to reduce fertilizer inputs. Rye provided 45 to 90 pounds of nitrogen, an average of 9 pounds of Phosphorus and 80 pounds of potassium; while triticale provided an between 45 and 65 pounds of nitrogen, 5.5 pounds of phosphorus, and 45 pounds of potassium (per acre).
All in all, a well-managed rye or triticale crop can improve soil health, water quality, and could become an important part of your feeding program.
Other Cover Crops with Potential
In addition to winter rye and triticale, we are starting to look into the success of other cover crops that can provide valuable forage. Forage oats and field peas seem to compete well when no-till drilled into pastures in early spring or late summer, as do winter rye and triticale. In my experience, the larger seeded annual crops seem to do better in no-till situations. We have seen limited success with crops like millet, and brassicas when planted into sod. We have some demonstration plots of some annual clovers (Crimson and Berseem) that were planted this spring with oats and peas and are about to be grazed now. The Berseem Clover is even coming through the sod where it was no-till drilled. After just a month, these plots are going to provide some valuable forage…and some important rest to the cool season pastures. If you are really looking to fill a gap in your grazing during the summer, my suggestion would be to pick a field that is starting to get run down, plow it down and address any fertility or pH issues and seed an annual in a timely manner. Some great options are millet, millet with brassica, a spring grain crop, an annual clover that is quick growing or a mixture of these crops. If you are intending to graze it, including a small amount of brassica can really boost your quality. This can be a great break before reseeding a poor producing pasture or hay field. This is the most reliable way to get a crop of summer annuals that will provide both yield and quality.
More Reading:
Kirsten is an Agronomy Outreach Professional for University of Vermont Extension, assisting VT farmers in implementing comprehensive nutrient management plans, cover cropping systems, and accessing cost-share funding to implement Best Management Practices. She can be reached at: email: Kirsten.workman@uvm.edu or phone: 802-388-0511. Visit their website for great articles and other resources: www.uvm.edu/extension/cvcrops.
